Release 0.8.0 of Augeas includes a special lens for managing Apache web server configuration files. First, we will see how the lens maps sections and directives to the tree. Then, we will review some recepies to modify the configuration and show results.
Quick start
Apache configuration has two main components. The first component is section, which is similar to XML elements. Sections can be nested and contain directives. Directives are composed of a name and positional arguments.
As you may know, Apache is very modular. A module can define its own directives and Apache will run the module's callback to parse arguments. This is reflected in the way the configuration is handled in Augeas. The lens is mostly generic and allows arbitrary sections and directives, with arbitrary arguments. Apache allow case insensitive sections are directive. The actual version enforce that open and close tags to be the same case. I recommend to standardize the casing of the configuration for simplicity. Now, let's look at a small example, with one section and one directive.
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin foo@example.org
</VirtualHost>
This configuration produces the following tree.
{ "VirtualHost"
{ "arg" = "*:80" }
{ "directive" = "ServerAdmin"
{ "arg" = "foo@example.org" }
}
}
Let's say we want to modify the email address of the server admin, we can do a simple set:
augtool> set "/VirtualHost/*[self::directive='ServerAdmin']/arg" "bar@example.com"
To select the ServerAdmin directive, we need to search for it as a child of VirtualHost. We then set the first argument of the corresponding directive to a new value. Here is the resulting diff from the original file. If there are more than one VirtualHost entries in the file, then a simple set will fail, a set multiple (setm) is required to change them all at once.
$ diff -u httpd.conf httpd.conf.augnew
--- httpd.conf 2011-02-22 22:03:34.000000000 -0500
+++ httpd.conf.augnew 2011-02-22 22:04:34.844099001 -0500
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
<VirtualHost *:80>
- ServerAdmin foo@example.org
+ ServerAdmin bar@example.org
</VirtualHost>
Tree structure
There are 4 special things to know about the tree structure of apache configuration.
- Section names are labels of the tree, they appear on the path.
- Directives are held in value of a "directive" node.
- Arguments of either sections or directives are held in values of "arg" node.
- Arguments nodes must be before any other children.
To demonstrate this, let's create a configuration from scratch, and see it build at each step in augtool. First, launch augtool. I suggest to use the -n option to save to a new file.
$ sudo augtool -n
The variable $conf holds the path to the target empty file, for example under Ubuntu it would be:
augtool> defvar conf /files/etc/apache2/sites-available/foo
Step 1: create VirtualHost section
The clear command empty the value of a node and it create it if the node doesn't exists yet.
Command:
augtool> clear $conf/VirtualHost
Result:
<VirtualHost>
</VirtualHost>
Step 2: Set the argument of VirtualHost section.
Command:
augtool> set $conf/VirtualHost/arg "172.16.0.1:80"
Result:
<VirtualHost 172.16.0.1:80>
</VirtualHost>
Step 3: Create the ServerAdmin directive under VirtualHost.
Command:
augtool> set $conf/VirtualHost/directive "ServerAdmin"
Result:
<VirtualHost 172.16.0.1:80>
ServerAdmin
</VirtualHost>
Step 4: Set the ServerAdmin first argument to configure the email.
Command:
augtool> set $conf/VirtualHost/*[self::directive='ServerAdmin']/arg "baz@example.org"
Result:
<VirtualHost 172.16.0.1:80>
ServerAdmin baz@example.org
</VirtualHost>
The order matters
What if we perform step 3 before step 2? Here is the result:
augtool> set $conf/VirtualHost/directive "ServerAdmin"
augtool> set $conf/VirtualHost/arg "172.16.0.1:80"
augtool> print $conf
/files/etc/apache2/sites-available/foo
/files/etc/apache2/sites-available/foo/VirtualHost
/files/etc/apache2/sites-available/foo/VirtualHost/directive = "ServerAdmin"
/files/etc/apache2/sites-available/foo/VirtualHost/arg = "172.16.0.1:80"
augtool> save
Saving failed
augtool> print /augeas/files/etc/apache2/sites-available/foo/error/message =
Failed to match ({ /arg/ = /[...]/ }({ /arg/ = /[...]/ })*)?(<<rec>>
| { /directive/ = /[...]/ } | { /#comment/ = /[...]/ } | { })*
with tree
{ \"directive\" = \"ServerAdmin\" } { \"arg\" = \"172.16.0.1:80\" }"
I reformated the error message to highlight why it failed. The lens require "arg" nodes to appear before "directive", "#comment" and empty nodes. In this case, the node "directive" is before the "arg" node, and it doesn't match the tree structure. So, how to make sure that we insert nodes before any other? Here is the twist. First, we will remove the arg node and create it at the right place.
augtool> rm $conf/VirtualHost/arg
rm : $conf/VirtualHost/arg 1
augtool> ins arg before $conf/VirtualHost/*[1]
augtool> set $conf/VirtualHost/arg "baz@example.org"
augtool> save
Saved 1 file(s)
And the corresponding result is the one expected. The predicate [1] will always select the first node in a node set and is equivalent to [position()=1]. There is one gotcha, that is if there are no children under VirtualHost, no node will match and the insert will fail. In this case, a simple set is required.
Also, take care to set a value to "arg" nodes! Otherwise, Augeas use the section name lens to render it. Here is the result of having an "arg" node with a null value.
<VirtualHost>
<arg>
</arg>
</VirtualHost>
Use cases
Modify document root
The first use case I show is to modify document root in the default configuration of Apache under Ubuntu. The default document root is "/var/www", but say we want to change it to "/srv/www". We have to modify the DocumentRoot directive and one Directory section. I'm using the match command to verify that the right node is selected before applying changes. (sorry for long lines...)
augtool> match $conf2/VirtualHost/*[self::directive="DocumentRoot"]
/files/etc/apache2/sites-available/default/VirtualHost/directive[2] = DocumentRoot
augtool> set $conf2/VirtualHost/*[self::directive="DocumentRoot"]/arg /srv/www
augtool> match $conf2/VirtualHost/Directory/arg[. = "/var/www/"]
/files/etc/apache2/sites-available/default/VirtualHost/Directory[2]/arg = /var/www/
augtool> set $conf2/VirtualHost/Directory/arg[. = "/var/www/"] "/srv/www/"
augtoo> save
Saved 1 file(s)
Here is the resulting diff.
--- /etc/apache2/sites-available/default 2011-02-22 23:30:48.000000000 -0500
+++ /etc/apache2/sites-available/default.augnew 2011-02-22 23:48:10.000000000 -0500
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
- DocumentRoot /var/www
+ DocumentRoot /srv/www
<Directory>
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
</Directory>
- <Directory /var/www/>
+ <Directory /srv/www/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
AllowOverride None
Order allow,deny
Changing permissions
On Ubuntu, Apache is configured to serve documentation on http://localhost/doc/. We will share this documentation with everybody by changing Order and Allow from directive and delete Deny directive of the doc directory. We are using the regexp function to select the node with or without leading slash and with or without quotes. We remove all arguments of "Allow from" to make sure that arguments are sane.
augtool> match $conf2/VirtualHost/Directory[arg =~ regexp(".*/usr/share/doc.*")]/
/files/etc/apache2/sites-available/default/VirtualHost/Directory[4] = (none)
augtool> defvar dir $conf2/VirtualHost/Directory[arg =~ regexp(".*/usr/share/doc.*")]/
augtool> rm $dir/*[self::directive="Allow"]/arg
augtool> set $dir/*[self::directive="Allow"]/arg[1] from
augtool> set $dir/*[self::directive="Allow"]/arg[2] all
augtool> set $dir/*[self::directive="Order"]/arg[1] "allow,deny"
augtool> rm $dir/*[self::directive="Deny"]
rm : $dir/*[self::directive="Deny"] 3
augtool> save
Saved 1 file(s)
In this example, the predicate "*[self::directive='Allow']" can be rewritten "directive[ . = 'Allow']", both are equivalent.
Here is the resulting diff.
--- /etc/apache2/sites-available/default 2011-02-22 23:30:48.000000000 -0500
+++ /etc/apache2/sites-available/default.augnew 2011-02-23 00:10:14.000000000 -0500
@@ -33,9 +33,8 @@
<Directory "/usr/share/doc">
Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
- Order deny,allow
- Deny from all
- Allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
+ Order allow,deny
+ Allow from all
</directory>
Conclusion
Augeas is a very powerful and precise tool to modify Apache configuration file. We can do about any changes with a very simple tree structure. As always, don't forget to reload Apache configuration for changes to take effect.
Thanks to David Lutterkort, who designed the amazing recursive lens that Apache lens uses and feedback for the square lens, and Raphaël Pinson for the feedback and stress test of the lens on more than 2000 Apache configurations and the help for this blog post.
Happy hacking!
